<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html lang="en" class="sidebar-visible no-js light">
    <head>
        <!-- Book generated using mdBook -->
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Parser - Lisp interpreter in Rust</title>


        <!-- Custom HTML head -->
        
        <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
        <meta name="description" content="">
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
        <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff" />

        <link rel="icon" href="favicon.svg">
        <link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.png">
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/variables.css">
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/general.css">
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/chrome.css">
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/print.css" media="print">

        <!-- Fonts -->
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="FontAwesome/css/font-awesome.css">
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="fonts/fonts.css">

        <!-- Highlight.js Stylesheets -->
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="highlight.css">
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="tomorrow-night.css">
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="ayu-highlight.css">

        <!-- Custom theme stylesheets -->

    </head>
    <body>
        <!-- Provide site root to javascript -->
        <script type="text/javascript">
            var path_to_root = "";
            var default_theme = window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches ? "navy" : "light";
        </script>

        <!-- Work around some values being stored in localStorage wrapped in quotes -->
        <script type="text/javascript">
            try {
                var theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme');
                var sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar');

                if (theme.startsWith('"') && theme.endsWith('"')) {
                    localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme.slice(1, theme.length - 1));
                }

                if (sidebar.startsWith('"') && sidebar.endsWith('"')) {
                    localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', sidebar.slice(1, sidebar.length - 1));
                }
            } catch (e) { }
        </script>

        <!-- Set the theme before any content is loaded, prevents flash -->
        <script type="text/javascript">
            var theme;
            try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch(e) { }
            if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; }
            var html = document.querySelector('html');
            html.classList.remove('no-js')
            html.classList.remove('light')
            html.classList.add(theme);
            html.classList.add('js');
        </script>

        <!-- Hide / unhide sidebar before it is displayed -->
        <script type="text/javascript">
            var html = document.querySelector('html');
            var sidebar = 'hidden';
            if (document.body.clientWidth >= 1080) {
                try { sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar'); } catch(e) { }
                sidebar = sidebar || 'visible';
            }
            html.classList.remove('sidebar-visible');
            html.classList.add("sidebar-" + sidebar);
        </script>

        <nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
            <div class="sidebar-scrollbox">
                <ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Overview</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="introduction.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="lexer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Lexer</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="parser.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Parser</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="evaluator.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Evaluator</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="repl.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> REPL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="next.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> What's Next</a></li></ol>
            </div>
            <div id="sidebar-resize-handle" class="sidebar-resize-handle"></div>
        </nav>

        <div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">

            <div class="page">
                                <div id="menu-bar-hover-placeholder"></div>
                <div id="menu-bar" class="menu-bar sticky bordered">
                    <div class="left-buttons">
                        <button id="sidebar-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-label="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-controls="sidebar">
                            <i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
                        </button>
                        <button id="theme-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Change theme" aria-label="Change theme" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="theme-list">
                            <i class="fa fa-paint-brush"></i>
                        </button>
                        <ul id="theme-list" class="theme-popup" aria-label="Themes" role="menu">
                            <li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="light">Light (default)</button></li>
                            <li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="rust">Rust</button></li>
                            <li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="coal">Coal</button></li>
                            <li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="navy">Navy</button></li>
                            <li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="ayu">Ayu</button></li>
                        </ul>
                        <button id="search-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Search. (Shortkey: s)" aria-label="Toggle Searchbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-keyshortcuts="S" aria-controls="searchbar">
                            <i class="fa fa-search"></i>
                        </button>
                    </div>

                    <h1 class="menu-title">Lisp interpreter in Rust</h1>

                    <div class="right-buttons">
                        <a href="print.html" title="Print this book" aria-label="Print this book">
                            <i id="print-button" class="fa fa-print"></i>
                        </a>

                    </div>
                </div>

                <div id="search-wrapper" class="hidden">
                    <form id="searchbar-outer" class="searchbar-outer">
                        <input type="search" id="searchbar" name="searchbar" placeholder="Search this book ..." aria-controls="searchresults-outer" aria-describedby="searchresults-header">
                    </form>
                    <div id="searchresults-outer" class="searchresults-outer hidden">
                        <div id="searchresults-header" class="searchresults-header"></div>
                        <ul id="searchresults">
                        </ul>
                    </div>
                </div>

                <!-- Apply ARIA attributes after the sidebar and the sidebar toggle button are added to the DOM -->
                <script type="text/javascript">
                    document.getElementById('sidebar-toggle').setAttribute('aria-expanded', sidebar === 'visible');
                    document.getElementById('sidebar').setAttribute('aria-hidden', sidebar !== 'visible');
                    Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a')).forEach(function(link) {
                        link.setAttribute('tabIndex', sidebar === 'visible' ? 0 : -1);
                    });
                </script>

                <div id="content" class="content">
                    <main>
                        <h1 id="parser"><a class="header" href="#parser">Parser</a></h1>
<h2 id="source"><a class="header" href="#source">Source</a></h2>
<p><a href="https://github.com/vishpat/lisp-rs/blob/0.0.1/src/parser.rs">parser.rs</a></p>
<h2 id="code-walk-through"><a class="header" href="#code-walk-through">Code Walk Through</a></h2>
<p>The job of the parser is to take the vector of tokens and convert it into a recursive list structure (mentioned in the <a href="./introduction.html">introduction</a>). This recursive list structure is an in-memory representation of the Lisp program. </p>
<h2 id="object-model"><a class="header" href="#object-model">Object model</a></h2>
<p>Before diving into the details of how the recursive list structure is created, we need to first define the objects that will make up the elements of the list. This is done in the <em>object</em> Rust module with an enum defined as follows</p>
<pre><code class="language-Rust">pub enum Object {
    Void,
    Integer(i64),
    Bool(bool),
    Symbol(String),
    Lambda(Vec&lt;String&gt;, Vec&lt;Object&gt;),
    List(Vec&lt;Object&gt;),
}
</code></pre>
<ul>
<li><em>Void</em>: An empty object</li>
<li><em>Integer</em>: A signed 64-bit integer</li>
<li><em>Bool</em>: A boolean value</li>
<li><em>Symbol</em>: A Lisp symbol, similar to the Symbol token</li>
<li><em>Lambda</em>: Function object, with the first vector representing the parameter labels and the second vector representing the body of the function. This object is not used during parsing but will be used during the evaluation phase of the interpreter.</li>
<li><em>List</em>: List object</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="parser-1"><a class="header" href="#parser-1">Parser</a></h2>
<p>The parser for the Lisp dialect is a simple recursive function. It takes a vector of tokens (in reverse) generated by the lexer and generates a single <em>List Object</em> representing the entire Lisp program. The core logic of the parser is implemented by the recursive <em>parse_list</em> function as shown below. It expects a vector of tokens, with the first token of the vector being a left parenthesis indicating the start of the list. The function then proceeds to process the elements of the list one at a time. If it encounters atomic tokens such as an integer or symbol it creates corresponding atomic objects and adds them to the list. If it encounters another left parenthesis it recurses with the remaining tokens. Finally, the function returns with the list object when it encounters the right parenthesis. </p>
<pre><code class="language-Rust">let token = tokens.pop();
if token != Some(Token::LParen) {
    return Err(ParseError {
        err: format!(&quot;Expected LParen, found {:?}&quot;, 
                     token),
    });
}
   
let mut list: Vec&lt;Object&gt; = Vec::new(); 
while !tokens.is_empty() {
    let token = tokens.pop();
    if token == None {
        return Err(ParseError {
            err: format!(&quot;Insufficient tokens&quot;),
        });
    }
    let t = token.unwrap();
    match t {
        Token::Integer(n) =&gt; 
            list.push(Object::Integer(n)),
        Token::Symbol(s) =&gt; 
            list.push(Object::Symbol(s)),
        Token::LParen =&gt; {
            tokens.push(Token::LParen);
            let sub_list = parse_list(tokens)?;
            list.push(sub_list);
        }
        Token::RParen =&gt; {
            return Ok(Object::List(list));
        }
    }
}
</code></pre>
<h2 id="testing"><a class="header" href="#testing">Testing</a></h2>
<p>The above parsing code can be unit tested as follows</p>
<pre><code class="language-Rust">let list = parse(&quot;(+ 1 2)&quot;).unwrap();
assert_eq!(
    list,
    Object::List(vec![
        Object::Symbol(&quot;+&quot;.to_string()),
        Object::Integer(1),
        Object::Integer(2),
    ])
);
</code></pre>
<p>To cement your understanding of the parsing process please go through the remaining tests in <strong>parser.rs</strong></p>

                    </main>

                    <nav class="nav-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
                        <!-- Mobile navigation buttons -->
                            <a rel="prev" href="lexer.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
                                <i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>
                            </a>

                            <a rel="next" href="evaluator.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
                                <i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i>
                            </a>

                        <div style="clear: both"></div>
                    </nav>
                </div>
            </div>

            <nav class="nav-wide-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
                    <a rel="prev" href="lexer.html" class="nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
                        <i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>
                    </a>

                    <a rel="next" href="evaluator.html" class="nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
                        <i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i>
                    </a>
            </nav>

        </div>




        <script type="text/javascript">
            window.playground_copyable = true;
        </script>


        <script src="elasticlunr.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
        <script src="mark.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
        <script src="searcher.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>

        <script src="clipboard.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
        <script src="highlight.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
        <script src="book.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>

        <!-- Custom JS scripts -->


    </body>
</html>
